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中国法院司法改革年鉴.2019年卷/最高人民法院编.--北京：人民法院出版社，2020.11
ISBN 978-7-5109-2997-7
Ⅰ.①中… Ⅱ.①最… Ⅲ.①司法制度-体制改革-中国-2019-年鉴 Ⅳ.①D926-54
中国版本图书馆CIP数据核字（2020）第228978号
中国法院司法改革年鉴（2019年卷）
最高人民法院 编
责任编辑 丁丽娜
出版发行 人民法院出版社
地 址 北京市东城区东交民巷27号（100745）
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印 刷 三河市国英印务有限公司
经 销 新华书店
开 本 787毫米×1092毫米 1/16
字 数 958千字
印 张 58.5
版 次 2020年11月第1版 2020年11月第1次印刷
书 号 ISBN978-7-5109-2997-7
定 价 328.00元（精装）
版权所有 侵权必究
导 言
2019年是中华人民共和国成立70周年，是决胜全面建成小康社会第一个百年奋斗目标的关键之年。习近平总书记在年初召开的中央政法工作会议上指出，要坚持以新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，坚持党对政法工作的绝对领导，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，加快推进社会治理现代化，加快推进政法领域全面深化改革，加快推进政法队伍革命化、正规化、专业化、职业化建设。党的十九届四中全会进一步明确了深化司法体制综合配套改革，全面落实司法责任制的重点任务。
2019年，人民法院坚持“目标引领、稳中求进、重点突破、系统集成”思路，围绕“五五改革纲要”提出的10大制度体系、65项改革举措积极推进各项改革，不断把中国特色社会主义司法制度优势转化为治理效能。民事诉讼程序繁简分流改革试点、“一站式”多元解纷和诉讼服务建设、跨域立案机制改革、互联网司法等一批重点改革任务取得重大突破，司法改革开始从立柱架梁向精细加工、从建章立制向落实落地、从单兵突进向协同联动、从机制探索向制度定型转变，中国特色社会主义司法制度更加成熟定型，人民群众对公平正义的获得感进一步增强。
一、统筹改革规划，加强司法改革组织领导
抓改革部署。最高人民法院全年共召开3次司法改革领导小组会议，组织召开全国高级法院院长座谈会、全国法院贯彻落实政法领域全面深化改革推进会精神专题会议、全国法院司法体制综合配套改革
抓整体规划。最高人民法院对标中办印发的《关于政法领域全面深化改革的实施意见》，制定发布《最高人民法院关于深化人民法院司法体制综合配套改革的意见——人民法院第五个五年改革纲要（2019—2023）》，明确了未来五年改革的路线图和时间表；印发《最高人民法院关于贯彻实施〈关于政法领域全面深化改革的实施意见〉的分工方案》《最高人民法院关于深化执行改革健全解决执行难长效机制的意见——人民法院执行工作纲要（2019—2023）》等文件，制定《最高人民法院司法改革领导小组2019年工作要点》，确保改革蹄疾步稳、有序推进。
抓督察落实。最高人民法院会同中央政法委先后赴浙江、广西、河南、上海等地督察司法责任制综合配套改革、以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革落实情况；开展知识产权审判领域和党的十八届三中全会以来政法领域改革实效评估；编发《人民法院司法改革案例选编（六）》，以通知形式推广浙江、山西、内蒙古等地法院完善法官职业保障的经验做法，确保改革措施到位、见诸实效。
二、围绕中心工作，服务党和国家发展大局
周强院长在全国法院贯彻落实政法领域全面深化改革推进会精神专题会议上强调，要围绕服务大局，着力提升履职尽责能力。2019年，人民法院不断深化司法服务保障性改革，确保党和国家事业推进到哪里，司法服务保障就跟进到哪里。
贯彻中央决策部署，及时提供司法政策保障。最高人民法院围绕中央关于推动经济高质量发展的决策部署，印发《关于为推动经济高质量发展提供司法服务和保障的意见》《关于为创立科创板并试点注册制改革提供司法保障的若干意见》；围绕雄安新区建设、“一带一路”建设等重大发展战略，印发《关于为河北雄安新区规划建设提供司法服务和保障的意见》《关于人民法院进一步为“一带一路”建设提供司
贯彻网络强国战略，引领世界互联网司法发展潮流。12月5日，最高人民法院在浙江乌镇成功举办世界互联网法治论坛。25个国家和地区的最高法院首席大法官、大法官、专家学者以及互联网企业代表围绕“以法治方式推动建立网络空间命运共同体”主题深入研讨，就“网络空间的法治治理模式”“互联网法院的探索与实践”“数字经济下的产权保护”“数据保护的挑战与创新”“网络侵权与平台责任”“人工智能在司法领域的运用”等六个议题深入研讨并达成广泛共识。与会各方一致通过《乌镇宣言》，全面展现了中国互联网司法改革创新成效。论坛举行前，最高人民法院以中英文双语形式发布了《中国法院的互联网司法》白皮书，图文并茂地介绍了中国互联网司法发展的基本路径、价值取向、主要举措和重要成果，为世界互联网司法建设贡献了中国智慧和中国方案。
打造市场化、法治化、国际化的营商环境。习近平总书记指出，法治是最好的营商环境。最高人民法院修改完善民商事案件延长审限和延期开庭规定，印发企业破产法、公司法、外商投资法等相关法律的司法解释，在北京、上海、天津、重庆、深圳、广州、杭州等地设立破产法庭。10月24日，世界银行发布营商环境报告，我国营商环境排名跃居全球第31位，连续两年跻身全球优化营商环境改善幅度最大的十大经济体，其中“司法程序质量”指标指数跃居全世界第一，被世界银行评价为这一领域的“全球最佳实践者”。
完善国际商事争端解决机制。最高人民法院国际商事法庭受理13起国际商事案件，审结5起。推动调解、仲裁机构积极参与最高人民
三、坚持权责一致，健全司法责任制配套机制
习近平总书记强调，要全面落实司法责任制，抓紧完善权力运行监督和制约机制。司法责任制既包括审判组织依法公正行使审判权的责任，也包括院庭长依法行使审判监督管理权的责任。最高人民法院根据改革推进落实情况，针对放权之后审判风险增加的客观情况，围绕加强审判监督管理、统一法律适用，及时完善相关配套机制，确保“有序放权、科学配权、规范用权、严格限权”。
完善内部监督管理机制。制定《进一步加强最高人民法院审判监督管理工作的意见（试行）》，细化分案规则、合议庭组成模式、重大、疑难、复杂案件审判监督管理机制，进一步规范案件办理流程，确保监督有序、监督有责、监督留痕。
建立审判权责清单制度。印发《关于完善人民法院审判权力和责任清单的指导意见》和《最高人民法院法官审判权力和责任清单（试行）》，构建“有权必有责、用权必担责、失职必问责、滥权必追责”的审判权力运行体系。
完善审判委员会工作机制。印发《关于健全完善人民法院审判委员会工作机制的意见》，优化审委会人员组成，科学定位审委会职能，健全完善议事程序和议事规则。
完善法律统一适用机制。印发《关于建立法律适用分歧解决机制的实施办法》，与类案及关联案件强制检索机制、专业（主审）法官会议机制、审判委员会制度形成合力，有效确保裁判尺度和标准的统一。
四、巩固改革成果，深化司法人事制度改革
4月23日，第十三届全国人大常委会第十次会议表决通过了新修
最高人民法院向中央报送《关于全国法院推进法官员额制改革情况的报告》，系统总结法官员额制改革成效和存在的问题以及下一步改革建议。最高人民法院印发《关于员额法官交流转任其他类别公务员时职级确定政策的通知》。在前期已印发法官交流、退休年龄、医疗待遇、差旅报销、公务交通补贴等政策通知基础上，最高人民法院协调相关部门出台员额法官配套住房待遇政策，并转发全国参照执行。联合中央组织部、最高人民检察院印发《关于法官助理、检察官助理和书记员职级设置管理的通知》，拓展司法辅助人员职业发展空间。充分考虑司法警察队伍管理特点，印发通知保持警队相对独立性，确保司法警务工作正常运转。
五、激活程序效能，开展民事诉讼程序繁简分流改革试点
习近平总书记在年初的中央政法工作会议上指出，要深化诉讼制度改革，推进案件繁简分流、轻重分离、快慢分道。2019年3月，中央政法委会同最高人民法院、最高人民检察院印发《关于进一步优化司法资源配置全面提升司法效能的意见》。中共中央政治局委员、中央书记处书记、中央政法委书记郭声琨在7月召开的全面深化政法领域改革推进会上进一步强调，要破解人案矛盾，不能再走增编扩员的老路，必须以诉讼程序综合试点为契机，切实提升程序效能。
由于部分改革措施需要调整适用现行民事诉讼法的规定，必须经过全国人大常委会授权，最高人民法院就优化司法确认程序、完善小额诉讼程序、完善简易程序规则、扩大独任制适用范围、健全电子诉讼规则等研究制定《民事诉讼程序繁简分流改革试点方案》。方案经反复修改，并充分征求吸收了中央政法委、中央网信办、全国人大监察司法委、全国人大常委会法工委、最高人民检察院、司法部等单位意
12月23日，第十三届全国人大常委会第十五次会议审议《关于授权在部分地区开展民事诉讼程序繁简分流改革试点工作的决定（草案）》，最高人民法院院长周强作了说明。全国人大常委会经审议认为，开展试点工作有利于提升司法效能，促进司法公正，并于12月28日作出决定，授权最高人民法院在北京、上海、江苏、浙江、福建、广东等15个省、自治区、直辖市内纳入试点的中级法院、专门法院及其辖区基层法院开展试点工作，试点期间调整适用民事诉讼法相关条款。最高人民法院根据授权决定，起草了《民事诉讼程序繁简分流改革试点工作实施办法》作为相关法院开展试点工作的依据。
六、完善诉讼体系，推动四级法院审级职能定位改革
完善四级法院职能定位，是人民法院“五五改革纲要”提出的一项重要改革任务。此项改革涉及诉讼制度、法院组织体系、司法人事管理等各个方面，具有“牵一发而动全身”的特性，因此相关改革举措本着先易后难的原则审慎推进。
调整民商事案件级别管辖标准。最高人民法院印发《关于调整高级人民法院和中级人民法院管辖第一审民事案件标准的通知》，调整民商事案件级别管辖标准，进一步推动一审民商事案件下沉。
研究起草四级法院职能定位改革初步方案。最高人民法院深入地方法院开展调研，广泛听取有关部门、专家学者意见建议，为下一步推进四级法院职能定位改革奠定坚实基础。
七、强化多元解纷与诉讼服务，推进“一站式”建设
习近平总书记强调，要坚持把非诉讼纠纷解决机制挺在前面，从源头上减少诉讼增量。2019年6月召开的全国高级法院院长座谈会重
持续推进矛盾纠纷诉前化解。2019年，全国法院设立调解工作室近7000个，专门的诉调对接中心3866个，专门工作人员26416名，建立特邀调解组织2.2万个，特邀调解员7万人，立案前调解案件297.58万件，同比增加66%。庭审前在诉讼服务中心调解案件217.09万件，同比增长83%。通过速裁快审方式审理案件335万件，同比增长80%以上。平均审理时间约30.6天，比一审民事案件平均审理周期缩短49.2%。全国法院平均40%左右的民商事案件在诉讼服务中心实现一站式解决，初步形成“多数法官办理少数疑难复杂案件，少数法官办理多数简单案件”的工作格局。受理司法确认案件34.1万件，确认有效32.2万件，发布实施《最高人民法院关于审理生态环境损害赔偿案件的若干规定（试行）》，受理生态环境损害赔偿司法确认案件28件，审结23件。
凝聚社会各界解纷合力。中央政法委将“矛盾纠纷多元化解”纳入平安中国建设综治工作考评，重点考评“司法在矛盾纠纷多元化解工作中的引领、推动和保障作用发挥情况”。最高人民法院召开“新时代纠纷解决机制创新交流会”，会同全国总工会积极推进劳动争议多元化解，会同中国侨联召开“涉侨纠纷多元化解试点工作经验交流会”，推进涉侨纠纷在线调解。分别会同国家发改委、司法部、中国人民银行、中国银保监会、全国工商联、全国妇联印发文件，促进民营企业、金融、价格领域、家事领域纠纷快速有效化解。全国45%的中级、基层法院案件量增幅出现下降，16.6%的中级、基层法院案件量同比下降。
推进“一站式”多元解纷和诉讼服务建设。最高人民法院制定印发《关于建设一站式多元解纷机制一站式诉讼服务中心的意见》，强化多元解纷、完善诉调对接，提供全方位、智能化、网络化的诉讼服务。以人民法院诉讼服务指导中心信息平台为总枢纽，建成“一网统管”诉讼服务运行平台，联通中国移动微法院、人民法院调解平台、全国法院统一送达平台、12368诉讼服务平台、人民法院网上保全系统、人民法院委托鉴定系统、全国法院涉诉信访管理系统、全国法院视频
推进跨域立案机制改革。习近平总书记在年初的中央政法工作会议上特别提出要加快推进跨域立案诉讼服务改革，推动诉讼事项跨区域远程办理、跨层级联动办理，解决好异地诉讼难等问题。最高人民法院制定《人民法院跨域立案服务工作规范》等文件，大力推行网上立案和跨域立案，全国中级、基层法院跨域立案服务已实现100%全覆盖，2019年7月以来共提供跨域立案服务1.7万件，全国43%的法院支持网上交退费，当场立案率达95%以上。
建成人民法院调解平台。全国共有2816家法院使用人民法院调解平台开展调解工作，2.8万家特邀调解组织、10.8万名特邀调解员入驻平台，调解案件478万件，调解量从年初的百十件增长到上万件，调解成功率超过60%，努力让当事人解决纠纷“一次不用跑”。
八、坚持司法为民，完善便民利民工作机制
“司法为民、公正司法”是人民法院始终坚持的工作主线，也是以人民为中心的发展思想在司法领域的具体体现。2019年，最高人民法院着力解决群众最关心最直接最现实的重点问题，不断完善相关便民利民工作机制。
落实人民陪审员法，会同司法部印发《人民陪审员培训、考核、奖惩工作办法》，进一步规范人民陪审员培训、考核、奖惩等工作，并制定印发相关司法解释，依法规范人民陪审员参加审判活动的程序。
贯彻实施修订后的刑事诉讼法。最高人民法院会同最高人民检察院、公安部、国家安全部、司法部印发《关于适用认罪认罚从宽制度的指导意见》，推动构建中国特色轻罪诉讼制度体系。
深化司法公开。印发《关于公开民商事案件相关信息的通知》，各高级人民法院充分利用司法公开平台，主动向社会公开辖区内各级法院民商事案件平均审理天数、结案率等信息，民商事待结案件预期审
完善巡回法庭工作机制。印发《关于进一步加强巡回法庭建设的意见》，充分发挥巡回法庭贴近基层、贴近一线的优势，通过开展巡回审判、跨域立案、视频接访、律师志愿咨询等工作，不断拓展便民服务范围，有效方便群众诉讼，受到巡回区党委政府和人民群众广泛好评。
加强司法救助工作。印发《人民法院国家司法救助案件办理程序规定（试行）》《人民法院国家司法救助案件文书样式（试行）》等文件，进一步规范司法救助案件办理程序，加强释明指引，便利涉诉困难群众申请司法救助。
九、完善组织体系，优化人民法院组织机构设置
郭声琨同志在全面深化政法领域改革推进会上强调，要深化最高人民法院巡回法庭制度改革，加强对新设专门法院的统筹研究和系统规划，深化内设机构改革，建立健全符合司法规律和人民法院实际的内设机构体系。各级人民法院积极落实中央决策部署，推进审判职能现代化、内部管理扁平化、资源配置科学化。
加强知识产权审判领域改革创新。设立最高人民法院知识产权法庭，统一集中审理专利等技术类知识产权民事、行政二审案件。知识产权法庭制定《统一裁判标准实施细则》，规范知识产权审判的标准、流程和方法。
稳步推进基层法院内设机构改革。截至2019年12月底，除西藏外，30个省（自治区、直辖市）和新疆生产建设兵团基层法院内设机构改革方案已完成备案程序并下发组织实施。
推进专业化审判机构建设。完成南京海事法院及其派出法庭审批工作，先后在北京等8个省（直辖市）的10个中级人民法院设立破产法庭。在海口中院设立知识产权法庭，在海南一中院、三亚中院设立涉外民商事法庭。
习近平总书记年初在中央政法工作会议上指出，要推动大数据、人工智能等科技创新成果同司法工作深度融合。最高人民法院大力推动司法模式和司法形态的现代化转型，实现信息化时代下中国司法的弯道超车，互联网司法的应用广度从单一领域向全方位拓展，探索主体从互联网法院向全国法院延伸，变革内容从数字化向网络化、智能化升级，工作重心从机制创新向规则确立演进。
加大互联网司法指导力度。形成《互联网法院在线诉讼宣传和统计口径指引》《关于完善互联网案件相关案由的研究报告》《关于互联网法院情况的报告》等，统一互联网法院业务统计和宣传口径，推动完善互联网案件案由体系，科学确定互联网法院案件管辖范围。
全面推进移动微法院试点。制定印发《关于进一步推进移动微法院试点工作的通知》，在12个省份试点“移动微法院”基础上，印发《关于全面推进中国移动微法院和跨域立案建设应用的通知》。
深化电子诉讼应用创新。全国3516个法院已经全部对接中国移动微法院，具备网上立案和跨域立案服务功能，成功打造中国乃至世界上首个移动电子诉讼体系。
推进智慧辅助和人工智能技术应用。建设“人民法院司法区块链统一平台”，以大数据、云存储和区块链技术为基础，利用区块链技术防伪造、防篡改优势，大幅提高电子证据可信度和真实性。截至2019年12月31日，全国法院已完成超过3.2亿条数据上链存证固证，支持链上取证核验。全国93%的法院建成电子卷宗随案同步生成系统，逐步实现深度应用。在广东、浙江等7个省市开展以电子档案为主、纸质档案为辅的案件归档方式试点工作。初步建成人民法院智能语音云平台。
2019年，“五五改革纲要”提出的65项改革举措有序推进，已经出台29件改革文件，以司法责任制为核心的新型审判权力运行体系基
Introduction
2019 is the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People#apos;s Republic of China，and a crucial year for achieving the first centennial goal，completing the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects.At the central politics and law conference held at the beginning of the year，General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that：we must adhere to the guidance of the thought on socialism with Chinese characteristics for a new era，the party#apos;s absolute leadership over political and legal work，and the idea of people-centered development，and accelerate the modernization of social governance，comprehensive deepening of the political and legal reforms，and advancing the construction of a revolutionized，standardized，specialized and professional political and legal team.At the 4th Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee，it is further clarified that the key tasks are deepening the comprehensive and supporting reforms of the judicial system and comprehensive implementing of the judicial accountability.
In?2019，people#apos;s?courts?adhered?to?the?ideas?of?“goal?orientation，steady?progress，key?breakthrough，and?system?integration”，and?actively?promoted?various?reforms?by?focusing?on?the?10?major?systems?and?65?reform?measures?proposed?in?the?Fifth?Five-Year?Reform?Program，to?continuously?transform?our?country#apos;s?institutional?advantages?into?governance?efficiency.Major?breakthroughs?have?been?made?in?a?number?of?key?reforms，such?as?the?pilot?reform?of?separating?compli
I.Overall Planning for and Strengthening the Organization of and Leadership over the Judicial Reform
Reform deployment.The Supreme People#apos;s Court convened three meetings for the Judicial Reform Leading Group throughout the year，organized a seminar of presidents of higher courts nationwide，a special session on the implementation by the courts nationwide of the spirit of the conference on comprehensive deepening of the political and legal reform，and a meeting on advancing the comprehensive and supporting reform of the judicial system，to ensure that the reform would succeed greatly by proceeding steadily.
Overall?planning.By?aligning?with?the?Central?Government#apos;s?Implementation?Opinions?on?Comprehensively?Deepening?the?Political?and?Legal?Reform，the?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?formulated?and?issued?the?Opinions?of?the?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?on?Deepening?the?Comprehensive?and?Supporting?Reform?of?the?Judicial?System?in?People#apos;s?Courts?the?Fifth?Five-Year?Reform?Program?for?People#apos;s?Courts?（2019-2023），to?clarify?the?roadmap?and?timetable?for?the?reform?in?the?next?five?years；issued?the?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court#apos;s?Work?Division?Plan?for?Implementing?the“Implementation?Opinions?on?Comprehensively?Deepening?the?Political?and?Legal?Reform”，the?O?pinions?on?Deepening?the?En
Implementation supervision.The Supreme People#apos;s Court，in conjunction with the Central Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs，successively went to Zhejiang，Guangxi，Henan，Shanghai and other places to supervise the implementation of the comprehensive and supporting reform of the judicial accountability and the reform of the criminal litigation system centering on trials；evaluate the effectiveness of the reform in the trial of intellectual property cases and the political and legal reforms （since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee）；prepared and issued S elected Cases of the Judicial Reform of People#apos;s Courts（VI），and issued notices to promote the experience and practice of the courts in Zhejiang，Shanxi，Inner Mongolia，and other places for improving the judge job security system，to ensure the effective implementation of the reform.
II.Focus on the Central Work and Serve the Party and the Overall Situation of the Development of the State
At the special session on the implementation by the courts nationwide of the spirit of the conference on comprehensive deepening of the political and legal reform，President Qiang ZHOU emphasized that：we should focus on improving our capability to fulfill our duties and responsibilities for the purpose of serving the overall situation.In 2019，people#apos;s courts continuously deepened the reform for the safeguarding nature of judicial services，to ensure that the judicial service safeguard would closely follow in the footsteps of the course of the party and the state.
Implement the national cyber development strategy，to lead the trend of Internet judiciary d evelopment in the world.On December 5，the Supreme People#apos;s Court successfully held the World Forum on Rule of Law in Internet in Wuzhen，Zhejiang.The chief judges and grand justices of supreme courts，experts and scholars，and representatives of Internet companies from 25 countries and regions had in-depth discussions on the theme of“Driving the Establishment of a Community of Common Destiny in C yberspace through the Rule of Law”，and had indepth discussions and reached a broad consensus on six topics，namely“model of rule of law in cyberspace governance”，“exploration and practice of Internet courts”，“protection of property rights in the context of digital economy”，“challenges and innovations in data protection”，“cyber infringement and platform#apos;s liability therefor”，and “application of artificial intelligence in the judiciary”.All parties attending the meeting unanimously passed the W uzhen Declaration，which fully demonstrates the effectiveness of China#apos;s Internet judiciary reform and innovation.Before the meeting，the Supreme People#apos;s Court published the white paper Chinese courts and Internet Judiciary in both Chinese and English，which introduces in words and by pictures the basic path，value proposition，and main measures for and the important achievements in China#apos;s development of Internet judiciary，contributing China#apos;s wisdom and solutions to the development of Internet judiciary of the world.
Create?an?international?and?convenient?business?environment?under?the?rule?of?law.General?Secretary?Xi?Jinping?pointed?out?that：the?rule?of?law?provides?the?best?business?environment.The?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?revised?and?improved?the?regulations?on?extension?of?the?trial?time-limit?and?postponement?of?court?hearings?of?civil?and?commercial?
Improve the international commercial dispute resolution mechanism.The International Commercial Tribunals under the Supreme People#apos;s Court accepted 13 international commercial cases and concluded five international commercial cases.The Supreme People#apos;s Court promoted mediation and arbitration institutions to actively participate in the international commercial dispute resolution mechanism of the International Commercial Tribunals under the Supreme People#apos;s Court，and improved the“One-Stop”international commercial dispute resolution platform with mediation，arbitration，and litigation proceedings followed one after another.A unified platform for the courts nationwide to inquiry on extraterritorial laws was launched and is operated on the website of the International Commercial Tribunals.
III.Adhere to the Principle of Consistency between Power and Responsibility，to Improve the Supporting Mechanism of the Judicial Accountability
General?Secretary?Xi?Jinping?emphasizes?that：it?is?necessary?to?comprehensively?implement?the?judicial?accountability?and?accelerate?the?improvement?of?the?mechanism?for?supervising?and?constraining?the?op
Improve the internal supervision and management mechanism.The Supreme People#apos;s Court formulated the O pinions on Further Strengthening the Trial Supervision and Management of the Supreme People#apos;s Court（For Trial Implementation），to refine the case allocation rules，the collegial panel composition model，the mechanism for supervising and managing trials of m ajor，difficult，and complex cases，and to further standardize the case handling process，thus to ensure orderly supervision，accountability for supervision，and supervision with records.
Establish a system of list of judicial powers and responsibilities.The Supreme People#apos;s Court issued the G uiding Opinions on Improving the List of Judicial Powers and Responsibilities of People#apos;s Courts and the List of Judicial Powers and Responsibilities of Judges of the Supreme People#apos;s Court（For Trial Implementation），to construct a judicial power operation system whereby“one who has powers shall assume corresponding responsibilities，one who uses powers shall be responsible for such use，one who is derelict in his duties shall be held accountable for such dereliction，and one who abuses his powers shall be held liable for such abuse.”
Improve the mechanism for unifying the application of laws.The Supreme People#apos;s Court issued the Measures for the Implementation of the Plan for Establishing a Law Application Difference Resolution Mechanism，which，in conjunction with the mechanism for compulsory search for similar cases and related cases，the professional（presiding）judges meeting mechanism，and the judicial committee system，can effectively avoid and resolve the problem of“different judgments on similar cases”.
IV.Consolidate the Reform Achievements and Deepen the Reform of the Judicial Personnel System
On April 23，at the 10th Session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People#apos;s Congress，the amendments to the J udge Law has been reviewed and approved，which incorporates the experience and achievements in the judicial system reform into the legal system，and is conducive to further consolidating the achievements in the reform of the classified personnel management system，and continuously pushing the effective implementation of the comprehensive and supporting measures for the reform of the quota system and the system of separate rank of posts.
The?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?submitted?to?the?Central?Government?the?Report?on?the?Promoting?the?Judge?Quota?System?Reform?in?the?Courts?Nationwide，which?systematically?summarizes?the?achievements?and?problems?in?the?judge?quota?system?reform，as?well?as?the?suggestions?
V.To Improve the Efficiency of Proceedings，Carry out the Pilot Reform of Separating the Complicated Cases from the Simple Ones in Civil Procedures
At the central politics and law conference at the beginning of the year，General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that：it is necessary to deepen the reform of the litigation system and promote the separation of the complicated cases from the simple ones，the minor cases from the major ones，and the fast closed cases and the slow one.In March 2019，the Central Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs，in conjunction with the Supreme People#apos;s Court and the Supreme People#apos;s Procuratorate，issued the Opinions on Further Optimizing the Allocation of Judicial Resources and Comprehensively Improving the Efficiency of the Judiciary.At the meeting on comprehensively deepening the political and legal reform held in July，Shengkun GUO，a Member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee，the Secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee，and the Secretary of the Central Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs，further emphasized that：to resolve the conflicts between caseload and personnel，it is necessary to effectively improve the efficiency of proceedings by making use of the opportunity of the comprehensive pilot reform of litigation proceedings，instead of the old means of expanding staffing.
As?some?reform?measures?require?adjustments?to?the?application?of?the?provisions?of?the?current?Civil?Procedure?Law，which?is?subject?to?authorization?from?the?Standing?Committee?of?the?National?People#apos;s?Congress，the?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court，in?respect?of?tasks?such?as?optimizing?judicial?confirmation?proceedings，improving?small-amount?litiga
On?December?23，at?the?15th?Session?of?the?Standing?Committee?of?the?13th?National?People#apos;s?Congress，the?D?ecision?on?Authorization?of?a?Pilot?Reform?Regarding?Separating?Complicated?Cases?from?the?Simple?Ones?in?Civil?Procedures?in?Some?Regions（Draft）was?reviewed，which?was?explained?by?Qiang?ZHOU，President?of?the?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court.After?review，the?Standing?Committee?of?the?National?People#apos;s?Congress?held?that：the?pilot?reform?will?help?improve?judicial?efficiency?and?promote?judicial?justice.On?December?28，it?decided?to?authorize?the?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?to?carry?out?the?pilot?reform?in?the?intermediate?courts?and?specialized?courts?covered?by?the?pilot?program?and?the?grassroots?courts?thereunder?in?15?provinces，autonomous?regions，and?municipalities?directly?under?the?Central?Government?including?Beijing，Shanghai，Jiangsu，Zhejiang，Fujian?and?Guangdong，by?adjusting?the?application?of?relevant?provisions?of?the?Civil?Procedure?Law?there?during?the?period?of?the?pilot?reform.According?to?the?au
VI.Improve the Litigation System by Promoting the Reform on Defining the Respective Jurisdiction and Functions of the Courts at Four Levels
Improving the definition of the respective functions of the courts at four levels is an important reform task put forward in the F ifth Five-Year Reform Program for people#apos;s courts.This reform involves various aspects such as litigation system，court organization system，and judicial personnel management，and is of the nature of“one change which makes all change”，so the related reform measures are carefully proceeded with in the ascending order of difficulties.
Adjust the jurisdiction of different level of courts over civil and commercial cases.The Supreme People#apos;s Court issued the Notice on Adjusting the Thresholds for the Jurisdiction of Higher People#apos;s Courts and Intermediate People#apos;s Courts over Civil Cases of First Instance to adjust the thresholds for the jurisdiction over civil and commercial cases，and further delegate more power to lower level of courts to try civil and commercial cases in first instance.
Improve the judicial statistical standards for cases.The Supreme People#apos;s Court reasonably determined the method of calculating caseload，and actively promoted the improvement of case statistics and workload calculation.
Draft?a?plan?for?defining?the?respective?functions?of?the?courts?at?four?levels.The?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?conducted?in-depth?surveys?in?local?courts，widely?listened?to?the?opinions?and?suggestions?of?relevant?departments，experts?and?scholars，and?laid?a?solid?foundation?for?the?fur
VII.Strengthen the Diversified Dispute Resolution Mechanism and Promote the“One-Stop”Construction
General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized that：it is necessary to attach primary importance to the non-litigation dispute resolution mechanism to reduce the increase of litigation cases from the source.At the meeting of presidents of higher courts nationwide held in June，it mainly studied and deployed on how to advance the construction of a diversified dispute resolution mechanism and a modern litigation service system.
Continue?to?promote?resolution?of?conflicts?and?disputes?before?litigation.In?2019，the?courts?nationwide?set?up?nearly?7000?mediation?offices?and?3866?specialized?litigation-mediation?connection?centers，appointed?26416?dedicated?staff?members，and?recruited?22000?specially?invited?mediation?organizations?and?70000?specially?invited?mediators.2975800?cases?were?mediated?before?case?filing，with?an?increase?of?66%year?on?year；2170900?cases?were?mediated?in?litigation?service?centers?before?court?hearing，with?an?increase?of?83%year?on?year；3.35?million?cases?were?tried?through?fast?trial+proceeding?expedition，with?an?increase?of?more?than?80%year?on?year.The?average?duration?of?trial?was?about?30.6?days，49.2%shorter?than?the?average?duration?of?trial?of?first-instance?of?civil?cases.On?average，about?40%of?civil?and?commercial?cases?before?the?courts?nationwide?were?resolved?in?a?one-stop?way?in?the?litigation?service?centers，preliminarily?forming?the?working?pattern?whereby“a?majority?of?judges?handle?a?few?difficult?and?complex?cases，and?a?minority?of?judges?handle?a?lot?of?simple?cases”.341000?judicial?confirmation?cases?were?accepted?and?322000?cases?were?confirmed?as?valid.The?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?issued?and?put?into?force?S?everal?Provisions?of?the?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?on?Trying?Claims?for?Eco
Gather the efforts from all sectors of society to resolve disputes.The Central Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs has included“diversified resolution of conflicts and disputes”in the indicators for peace building and comprehensive governance evaluation，focusing on the evaluation on the“the role of leading，promoting，and supporting of judiciary in diversified resolution of conflicts and disputes”.The Supreme People#apos;s Court held the “New-Era Dispute Resolution Mechanism Innovation Exchange Conference”，in conjunction with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions，to promote diversified resolution of labor disputes，and in conjunction with the All-China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese，held the “Experience Exchange Conference on Pilot Program for Diversified Resolution of Disputes involving Returned Overseas Chinese”，to promote online mediation of disputes involving returned overseas Chinese.The Supreme People#apos;s Court issued documents to the National Development and Reform Commission，the Ministry of Justice，the People#apos;s Bank of China，the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission，the National Federation of Industry and Commerce，and the All-China Women#apos;s Federation separately，to promote the rapid and effective resolution of disputes involving private enterprises，finance，price，and family matters.45%of the intermediate and grassroots courts nationwide have seen a decline in the increase of the number of cases，and 16.6%of the intermediate and grassroots courts have seen a year-on-year decline in the number of cases.
Promote?the“One-Stop”construction.The?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?formulated?and?issued?O?pinions?on?Construction?of?the?One-stop?Diversified?Dispute?Resolution?Mechanism?and?Construction?of?the?One-stop?
Promote?the?reform?of?the?trans-regional?case?filing?mechanism.At?the?beginning?of?the?central?politics?and?law?conference?at?the?beginning?of?the?year，General?Secretary?Xi?Jinping?specifically?mentioned?that：it?is?necessary?to?accelerate?the?reform?of?litigation?service?for?trans-regional?case?filing?and?promote?the?trans-regional?remote?handling?and?crosslevel?joint?handling?of?litigation?affairs?to?overcome?the?difficulties?in?litigation?concerning?different?places.The?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?formulated?the?Trans-regional?Case?Filing?Service?Specifications?for?People#apos;s?Courts?and?other?documents，to?vigorously?promote?online?case?filing?and?trans-regional?case?filing.100%of?the?intermediate?and?grassroots?courts?nationwide?have?launched?the?trans-regional?case?filing?service.Since?July?2019，the?trans-regional?case?filing?service?has?been?provided?for?17000?cases.43%of?the?courts?nationwide?support?online?payment?and?refund?of?fees，and?the?on-the-spot?case?filing?rate?is?over?
Create a mediation platform for people#apos;s courts.In total，2816 courts nationwide have begun to use the mediation platform for people#apos;s courts for mediation，28000 specially invited mediation organizations and 108000 specially invited mediators have joined the platform，and 4.78 million cases have been mediated on the platform，the case number has increased from less than one hundred cases at the beginning of the year to more than ten thousand，with a mediation success rate of more than 60%.Through the platform，the Supreme People#apos;s Court strives to enable the parties to successfully resolve disputes“without one unnecessary on-site visit”.
VIII.Adhere to Judiciary for the People，and Improve the Working Mechanism for Promoting People#apos;s Access to and Benefit from the Judiciary
“Exercising Judicial Power for the People，and Judicial Impartiality”is the objective that people#apos;s courts have always pursue，and it is also a concrete manifestation of the people-centered idea of development in the judiciary.In 2019，the Supreme People#apos;s Court focused on solving the problems involving the most direct and realistic interests that the public cared most，and constantly improved relevant working mechanisms for promoting people#apos;s access to and benefit from the judiciary.
Implement the Law on People#apos;s Assessors.In conjunction with the Ministry of Justice，the Supreme People#apos;s Court issued the Measures on Training，Evaluating，Rewarding and Punishing People#apos;s Assessors，to further standardize the training，evaluating，rewarding and punishing of people#apos;s assessors，and formulated and issued relevant judicial interpretations，to standardize the procedures for people#apos;s assessors to participate in judicial activities.
Implement?the?revised?Criminal?Procedure?Law.In?conjunction?with?the?
Deepen the judicial openness.The Supreme People#apos;s Court issued the Notice on Disclosing Information on Civil and Commercial Cases.Each higher people#apos;s court makes full use of the judicial openness platform to proactively disclose to the public the information such as the average duration of trial and the rate of conclusion of civil and commercial cases before the courts at all levels within its jurisdiction.In principle，the expected duration of trial of a pending civil and commercial case shall be disclosed from the date of expiration of the duration of trial.
Improve the working mechanism of circuit courts.The Supreme People#apos;s Court issued the O pinions on Further Strengthening the Construction of Circuit Courts，to give full play to the circuit courts#apos;advantages of closeness to the grassroots and the front line.Through circuit trials，trans-regional case filing，online video systems for complaints and appeals，and lawyers#apos;volunteer counseling，and so on，the Supreme People#apos;s Court has constantly expanded the scope of services for the convenience of the people and effectively facilitated the filing of lawsuits by the public，being widely praised by the party c ommittee，government and the people of each circuit region.
Strengthen?the?judicial?assistance.The?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?issued?documents?such?as?Procedures?for?People#apos;s?Courts?to?Handle?Cases?Involving?National?Judicial?Assistance（For?Trial?Implementation）and?Sample?Instruments?for?Cases?Involving?National?Judicial?Assistance?before?People#apos;s?Courts（For?Trial?Implementation），to?further?stand
IX.Improve the Organization System and Optimize the Organ Setting of People#apos;s Courts
At the meeting for comprehensively deepening the political and legal reform，Secretary Shengkun GUO emphasized that：it is necessary to deepen the reform of circuit court system under the Supreme People#apos;s Court，strengthen the overall research on and systematic planning for the newly-established specialized courts，deepen the reform of internal organs，and establish and improve an internal organ system consistent with the judicial laws and the reality of people#apos;s courts.The courts at all levels actively implemented the Central Government#apos;s decision and deployment，by promoting the modernization of judicial functions，flattening the internal management，and scientifically allocating resources.
Strengthen the reform and innovation in the trial of intellectual property cases.The Intellectual Property Tribunal under the Supreme People#apos;s Court has been set up to try second-instance civil and administrative cases involving patent and other technology-related intellectual properties in a centralized way.The Intellectual Property Tribunal formulated the Implementation Rules for Unifying Trial Criteria，to set out the standards，procedures and methods for trying intellectual property cases.
Steadily advance the reform of internal organs of grassroots courts.As of the end of December 2019，the plans for the reform of internal organs of grassroots courts in all 30 provinces （autonomous regions，and municipalities directly under the Central Government）and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps except Tibet have been filed and issued for implementation.
X.Accelerate the Integration of Science and Technology，to Promote the Construction of Internet Judiciary and Intelligent Courts
At the central politics and law conference at the beginning of the year，General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that：it is necessary to promote the in-depth integration of big data，artificial intelligence，and other scientific and technological innovation achievements with judicial work.The Supreme People#apos;s Court vigorously promoted the modernization of judicial models and judicial forms，to enable China#apos;s judiciary to overtake other#apos;s in the information age.In respect of the Internet judiciary，the application scope has expanded from a single field to all fields，the explorers have increased from the Internet courts to the courts nationwide，the changes have evolved from digital，online，to intelligent upgrading，and the focus of work has evolved from mechanism innovation to rule establishment.
Strengthen?the?guidance?on?Internet?judiciary.The?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?formed?the?Guidelines?on?Online?Litigation?Selection?and?Statistics?Standards?for?Internet?Courts，the?Research?Report?on?Improving?Causes?of?Action?related?to?Internet?Cases，the?Reports?on?Internet?Courts，and?so?on，to?unify?the?litigation?statistics?and?publicity?of?Internet?courts，promote?the?improvement?of?the?system?of?causes?of?ac
Comprehensively promote the pilot program of “Mobile WeCourt”.The Supreme People#apos;s Court formulated and issued the Notice on Further Promoting the Pilot Program of“Mobile WeCourt”，and on the basis of the pilot implementation of “Mobile WeCourt”in 12 provinces，issued the Notice on Comprehensively Promoting the Construction and Application of China Mobile WeCourt and Trans-regional Case Filing Platform.
Deepen the innovation of electronic litigation application.All 3516 courts nationwide have been connected with China Mobile WeCourt，with functions for online case filing and trans-regional case filing services，and the first mobile electronic litigation system in China and even the world has been successfully created.
Promote?the?application?of?intelligent?assistance?and?artificial?intelligence?technologies.The?Supreme?People#apos;s?Court?constructed?a?“Judicial?Blockchain?Unified?Platform?for?People#apos;s?Courts”，to?greatly?improve?the?credibility?and?authenticity?of?electronic?evidence，by?taking?advantages?of?blockchain?technology?in?anti-counterfeiting?and?anti-tampering，based?on?big?data，cloud?storage?and?blockchain?technologies.As?of?December?31，2019，the?courts?nationwide?have?uploaded?over?320?million?pieces?of?data?to?the?platform?for?evidence?storage?and?preservation，and?started?to?support?evidence?collection?and?verification?on?the?platform.93%of?the?courts?nationwide?have?completed?a?system?of?real-time?generation?of?electronic?case?files，whose?in-depth?application?is?gradually?promoted.A?pilot?reform?of?soft-copy?case?files?supplemented?by?hard-copy?ones?is?carried?out?in?seven?provinces?and?municipalities?including?Guangdong?and?Zhejiang.The?intelligent?voice?cloud?platform?for?people#apos;s?courts?has?been?initially?built.
总 序
党的十八大以来，在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下，中央推进新一轮司法体制改革，经过艰苦努力探索与实践，中国法院的司法改革取得重大成效，做成了想了很多年、讲了很多年但没有做成的改革。以人民法院组织法和法官法修订为标志，具有“四梁八柱”性质的改革主体框架有效确立，以全面落实司法责任制为核心的新型审判权力运行体系初步形成，以司法公开、立案登记制、多元化纠纷解决机制改革为代表的阳光透明、便民利民司法举措不断深化，以确保人民法院依法独立公正行使审判权为目标的法院组织体系和管理体制不断健全，以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革有序推进，以司法人员分类管理为关键的法院人事管理制度逐步完善。人民法院审判质量效率、队伍能力素质和司法公信力进一步提高，广大人民群众的获得感不断增强，中国特色社会主义司法制度优越性日益凸显。
党的十九大作出了“深化司法体制综合配套改革，全面落实司法责任制，努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义”的重大战略部署，中国法院也应时而进迈入第五个五年改革纲要时期，并且围绕全面落实司法责任制、加强审判监督管理、完善统一法律适用机制、推进以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革、健全法院机构职能体系和诉讼服务体系、加强互联网司法建设等方面，谋划了新一轮司法改革的路线图和时间表，必将推动改革广度深度不断拓展、改革方法模式日渐成熟、改革发展动力更为强劲、各项制度体系更为完备。
盛世修典、变革治史。为全面总结党的十八大以来人民法院司法改革经验，准确记录中国法院的司法改革历程，留存生动实践，凝结
编辑改革年鉴，记录改革历程，对于全面把握新时代中国法院司法改革的总体背景，系统梳理司法改革的历史脉络，深入研究司法改革的现状和未来，不断推动各项改革举措系统集成、协同高效，具有重大现实意义。改革只有进行时，没有完成时。全面深化司法改革是一个在继承中发展、在发展中创新的过程。年鉴的编辑，既能够为今后推进司法改革提供资料借鉴和参考依据，也能够充分展现司法改革的阶段性成果，成为向各级党委、人大、政府和社会各界宣介中国法院司法改革的一个重要载体，还能够作为对外交流和学术研究的重要资料，具有实践指引、理论探知和历史文献的价值。
推进司法体制改革对于完善中国特色社会主义司法制度具有深远的历史意义，编辑年鉴正是一次面向改革历程再学习、再改造、再出发的过程。它既总结了党的十八大以来中国法院司法改革的重要成果，又谋划继续深化司法体制综合配套改革，推进审判体系和审判能力现代化，加快建设公正高效权威的社会主义司法制度。每一位法院干警都应当从中汲取智慧和力量，自觉支持改革、积极拥护改革、勇于投身改革，争做改革的实干家和促进派，为建设中国特色社会主义法治国家作出应有的贡献。
年鉴编辑工作本非易事，费时费力且要求极高。在院领导亲切关怀下，最高人民法院司法改革领导小组办公室组成专门的编写工作组，在浩如烟海的资料中耙梳、筛选、提炼，以对事业负责、对历史负责的精神投身其中，力求全面精准权威，深度呈现年度改革推进的真实样貌。工作组还先后多次组织召开座谈会，充分汲取相关中央单位以及院内各部门、地方法院和专家学者意见。最高人民法院办公厅、政治部、行装局、审管办以及相关审判部门，部分高等院校，科研机构等各方面力量，充分发挥各自优势，以多种形式参与和支持年鉴编辑工作。年鉴的顺利出版，凝结着许多人的心血和汗水，承载了中国法院人对全面深化司法改革的情感与期盼。
Preface
Since?the?18th?CPC?National?Congress，under?the?firm?leadership?of?the?Party?Central?Committee?with?Comrade?Xi?Jinping?at?its?core，significant?results?have?been?achieved?in?the?judicial?reform?of?Chinese?courts，whilst?the?reforms?were?thought?about?and?discussed?for?many?years?without?any?achievements?but?now?have?been?finally?put?into?practice.The?revision?to?the?Organic?Law?of?the?People#apos;s?Courts?and?the?Judge?Law?marks?the?main?framework?of?the?general?reform?has?been?effectively?established，and?a?new?judiciary?power?operation?system?with?the?full?implementation?of?the?judicial?accountability?system?as?the?core?has?been?initially?formed.We?continuously?deepen?the?openness，transparence?and?convenience?of?judiciary?measures?by?promoting?judicial?openness，constructing?case?docketing?and?registration?system?and?diversified?dispute?resolution?mechanism.We?constantly?improve?the?organization?system?and?management?system?of?people#apos;s?courts?to?ensure?that?the?people#apos;s?court?exercises?judicial?power?independently?and?impartially?in?accordance?with?the?law，orderly?promote?the?reform?of?the?criminal?litigation?system?centering?on?trials，and?gradually?improve?the?courts#apos;personnel?management?system?with?the?classified?management?of?judicial?personnel?as?the?key.The?trial?quality?and?efficiency，personnel?competence，and?judicial?credibility?of?the?people#apos;s?courts?have?all?been?further?improved，people#apos;s?sense?of?fulfillment?keeps?growing?stronger，and?the?socialist?judicial?system?with?the?features?of?fairness，efficiency?
At the 19th CPC National Congress，a major strategic arrangement was made as follows： “deepening the comprehensive and supporting reform of the judicial system and comprehensively implementing the judicial accountability system to make the people feel fairness and justice in every judicial case.”At the same time，Chinese courts went into the period of the fifth “Five-year Reform”.By centering on the comprehensive implementation of the judicial accountability system，strengthening the trial supervision and management，improving the function system of court organs，advancing the reform of the criminal litigation system centering on trials，improving the litigation services system，and strengthening the construction of Internet judiciary，we developed the roadmap and timetable for the new round of judicial reforms，which will surely promote deeper and more extensive reforms constantly，more mature reform methods and models，stronger momentum of reform and development，and more complete regulations and systems.
Major changes must be documented in history books.In order to comprehensively summarize the experience in the judicial reform of the people#apos;s courts since the 18th CPC National Congress，accurately record the process of judicial reform of Chinese courts，and learn from valuable historical experience and wisdom，the Supreme People#apos;s Court has compiled and published the Yearbook of Judicial Reform of Chinese Courts since 2013.
Compiling?the?reform?yearbook?and?recording?the?reform?process?are?of?great?practical?significance?for?fully?understanding?the?overall?background?of?the?judicial?reform?of?Chinese?courts?in?the?new?era，systematically?reviewing?the?historical?milestones?during?the?judicial?reform?process，conducting?an?in-depth?study?on?the?current?situation?and?future?of?the?judicial?reform，and?continuously?promoting?the?systematic?
The judicial reform has far-reaching historical significance.By compiling yearbook，we may go through a process of re-learning，re-transforming，and then re-starting from the reform process.The yearbook summarizes the important achievements in the judicial reform of Chinese courts since the 18th CPC National Congress，inspires and motivates us to earnestly implement the spirit of the 19th CPC National Congress，continue to deepen the comprehensive and supporting reform of the judicial system，promote the modernization of judicial system and judicial capability，and accelerate the construction of the socialist judicial system with the features of fairness，efficiency and authoritativeness.All judicial personnel should draw wisdom and strength from the reform process，consciously support the reform，and actively advocate the reform and bravely devote themselves to the reform，so as to move steadily towards the grand goal of building a law-based socialist country with Chinese characteristics.
The?compilation?of?the?yearbook?proceeded?with?the?guidance?and?sup
The?courts?at?all?levels?across?the?country?will?always?adhere?to?the?guidance?of?Xi?Jinping?thought?on?socialism?with?Chinese?characteristics?for?a?new?era，enhance?the“Four?Aspects?of?Consciousness”，strengthen?the“Four?Matters?of?Confidence”，and?resolutely?uphold?General?Secretary?Xi?Jinping#apos;s?core?position?on?the?Party?Central?Committee?and?in?the?Party?as?a?whole，and?resolutely?uphold?the?Party?Central?Committee#apos;s?authority?and?its?centralized，unified?leadership，stay?true?to?the?Party#apos;s?founding?mission，be?brave?to?assume?responsibilities?and?endeavor?to?tackle?tough?issues，drive?the?great?practice?of?comprehensively?deepening?the?reform?even?deeper，and?continuously?
